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The publication’s growing scope

A country full of questions.
The India in Numbers coverage map.

182 concrete research questions across 26 themes: population, everyday life, ownership, work, spending and society. Explore what is published and what needs further source work.

Published coverage and the research queue are different. “Available to read” links to an existing article. “Research queue” is a mapped question, not a claim that its data has been checked or its article published. Official sources and appropriate denominators guide the next additions.

182 questions

Population and geographic change

Census counts, projections, settlements and boundaries, with the geographic unit and date stated before any comparison.

7 questions
Research queue

How did rural and urban population differ across districts in 2011?

Persons and rural/urban shares within each historical district.

Population or unit
Census 2011 district population, with the district total as denominator.
Next research step
Use fully checked district rows and disclose historical district boundaries.

Digital access, devices and internet use

Household possessions, individual experience and subscriptions are complementary but different measures.

7 questions
Research queue

How did computer and telephone possession look in Census 2011?

Historical household asset counts and percentages.

Population or unit
Census 2011 households excluding institutional households.
Next research step
Import Census categories and compare definitions before linking to later survey possessions.
Research queue

Can an internet access percentage estimate a reachable online customer base?

Scenario separating household access, individual use, age eligibility and actual channel reach.

Population or unit
A specified potential customer population.
Next research step
Require independent current platform and product reach assumptions; no inferred ad audience count.
Research queue

How does internet use vary by state and district?

Exact sex-specific ever-use indicators in released factsheets.

Population or unit
NFHS-6 women/men aged 15–49 in covered state/district samples.
Next research step
Import actual released local rows and preserve the relevant survey boundaries and exclusions.

Vehicles, transport and commuting

Separate registered stock, household possession, licences and journeys to work.

7 questions
Research queue

What share of registered vehicles are two-wheelers versus cars, jeeps and taxis?

Published category stock and derived share of the same dated registration total.

Population or unit
Registered vehicles in the MoRTH 31 March 2022 provisional compilation.
Next research step
Preserve the combined category and source year; it does not isolate privately owned passenger cars.
Research queue

Which states report the largest registered vehicle stocks?

State/UT registered vehicle counts by category and reference date.

Population or unit
Registration records in state/UT returns, not observed traffic or present operating vehicles.
Next research step
Retain missing-year and provisional flags; do not rank mixed years as one current snapshot.
Research queue

Why can vehicle registrations and household car ownership tell different stories?

A comparison of vehicle stock with household possession percentages.

Population or unit
MoRTH registration records versus NFHS-5 households in 2019–21.
Next research step
Explain multiple vehicles, business vehicles, household sharing and different dates without converting one directly into the other.
Research queue

How did people in the Census other-worker category travel to work?

Mode-of-travel distribution in Census B-28.

Population or unit
Census 2011 Other workers covered by B-28; not every resident or all categories of workers.
Next research step
Verify the worker universe, distance categories and treatment of no travel before importing.
Research queue

How did commuting distance differ by sex and locality in 2011?

Distance-to-work distribution and mode, within the B-28 reporting population.

Population or unit
Male and female Other workers in Census 2011, within matched geographic rows.
Next research step
Keep historical boundaries and the restricted worker universe; distance does not measure travel time.
Research queue

Can driving licences or vehicle registrations establish a unique number of active drivers?

Methods distinction between licence records, registered vehicles and people who actually drive.

Population or unit
A proposed unique active-driver population, which is not measured by the imported vehicle-stock table.
Next research step
Find an appropriate official person-level aggregate definition and remove duplicates/inactive records only under a validated method; do not invent a drivers count.

Jobs, employees and the labour force

Employment counts and rates depend on age, activity status, reference period and whether the denominator is people or the labour force.

7 questions
Research queue

How many employed people are salaried, self-employed or casual workers?

Employment-status composition using the survey’s published categories.

Population or unit
Employed persons in the stated age group and reference-status universe.
Next research step
Verify category and age headers before calculating shares; all employed people are not salaried employees.
Research queue

Why are the employed population and the number of employees different?

A definitions guide to employment, salaried work, self-employment and unpaid household helpers.

Population or unit
People employed under the selected PLFS status, with employees a narrower category.
Next research step
Use source definitions and concrete examples; do not present a total workforce as a payroll count.
Research queue

Which industries and occupations account for employment?

Industry and occupation distribution with the actual classification codes preserved.

Population or unit
Employed persons in the relevant PLFS reporting domain and status.
Next research step
Verify the reporting table and classification before adding sector totals; occupation and industry are different dimensions.
Research queue

Why can usual-status and current-weekly-status employment rates differ?

Comparison of the reference periods and activity-classification rules.

Population or unit
The explicitly selected age and geographic population under each PLFS status.
Next research step
Avoid treating a status change or redesigned survey series as a month-to-month employment change.
Research queue

Which states show different female labour-force participation in the quarterly survey?

Verified state LFPR for women aged 15+, with common quarter and status.

Population or unit
Female population aged 15+ in each PLFS state reporting domain, April–June 2026.
Next research step
Use verified complete rows and uncertainty context; do not imply that a state ranking identifies a causal explanation.

Businesses, establishments and formalisation

Surveyed establishments, registrations, workers and economic output are related but distinct ways to describe business activity.

7 questions
Research queue

How many enterprises are recorded on Udyam and the Udyam Assist Platform?

Dated administrative registration totals, with Udyam and UAP columns retained separately.

Population or unit
Registration records in the specified MSME system snapshot, not a census of currently active businesses.
Next research step
Capture the exact as-of date and definitions; do not label live search snippets as a verified current total.
Research queue

Do business registrations establish how much of the economy is formal?

Methods comparison of survey establishment coverage and specific registration indicators.

Population or unit
The actual establishment or registration universe used by each source.
Next research step
Define formalisation operationally and examine overlap; do not add registration systems or equate registration with active payroll employment.
Research queue

How do worker emoluments and gross value added per worker differ?

Annual hired-worker emoluments versus GVA per worker for the report’s covered market establishments.

Population or unit
Hired workers for emoluments; workers in the specified ASUSE market-establishment universe for GVA.
Next research step
Keep the two universes visible; GVA per worker is not an employee salary or take-home income.
Research queue

How does the Economic Census differ from ASUSE or an MSME registration list?

Coverage, observation unit, reference period and estimation method across source families.

Population or unit
Establishments covered by the Sixth Economic Census, ASUSE or a named administrative register.
Next research step
Check sector and organizational exclusions before any comparison; do not label 2013–14 counts as current business stock.

Food habits and vegetarianism

Use actual food-frequency questions and keep age, sex, eggs and meat definitions visible.

7 questions
Research queue

How often do women and men report eating eggs, fish and meat?

Daily, weekly, occasionally and never shares for each food category.

Population or unit
Women and men aged 15–49, separately, NFHS-5.
Next research step
Show separate food rows and denominators; do not add overlapping frequencies across foods.
Research queue

How do food-frequency patterns differ across states?

State percentages reporting specified frequencies, for each sex and food.

Population or unit
Women and men aged 15–49 in the relevant NFHS-5 state samples.
Next research step
Import state tables with headers and footnotes; do not infer a single all-age diet label.
Research queue

What does never mean in a food-frequency questionnaire?

Habitual-frequency response categories and their difference from lifetime abstention.

Population or unit
Respondents to the NFHS-5 food-frequency questions.
Next research step
Explain the question in plain language and avoid claiming lifelong abstinence.
Research queue

How many adults avoid both eggs and fish, chicken or meat?

Joint response to separate food questions under an explicit diet definition.

Population or unit
A specified adult survey universe with correctly applied person weights.
Next research step
Obtain permitted suitable microdata, define the joint condition and estimate uncertainty; published marginal rows are insufficient.
Research queue

How did reported food frequency change between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5?

Like-for-like food-frequency shares by sex, age range and response category.

Population or unit
Comparable NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 respondent universes.
Next research step
Verify questionnaire and category comparability; do not label recall differences as behavioral change.
Research queue

Can the food-frequency table establish how much protein people consume?

Difference between frequency, portion size and nutrient quantity.

Population or unit
Food-frequency respondents; no nutrient-intake denominator supplied by this table.
Next research step
Explain the evidential limit; a nutrient-intake estimate needs an appropriate quantity source.

Food budgets and consumption baskets

The cost and composition of food consumption, distinct from income, nutrition and spending only among buyers.

7 questions
Research queue

Which food categories account for the largest consumption shares?

Official food-category rupees per person and shares of total MPCE.

Population or unit
Rural and urban population, each with its own HCES denominator.
Next research step
Use published shares, retaining the combined category labels and survey-period prices.
Research queue

Why can urban food spending be higher but its budget share lower?

Comparison of category rupees with category share of all consumption.

Population or unit
Rural and urban per-person consumption means.
Next research step
Use a clear example with both denominators and avoid a claim about nutritional adequacy.
Research queue

What is included in beverages, refreshments and processed food?

Survey item-group definition and its MPCE contribution.

Population or unit
All persons in the HCES sector denominator, including non-buyers.
Next research step
Explain cooked meals and refreshments; do not rename the group ultra-processed foods.
Research queue

How does the food basket differ across consumption classes?

Food-category MPCE and share by fractile class.

Population or unit
People in each weighted HCES consumption class, with class definitions retained.
Next research step
Import the relevant class tables and make clear that consumption class is not income class.
Research queue

How much do food consumers spend compared with the whole population average?

Category mean among consuming households or persons versus the all-person mean.

Population or unit
An explicitly defined consumer denominator and survey-weighted population denominator.
Next research step
Verify whether the chosen output is household-consuming or person-consuming; calculate from appropriate detailed data.
Research queue

How should food spending be compared across years with changing prices?

Nominal change versus price-adjusted change on matched categories.

Population or unit
Comparable HCES rural and urban populations and valuation series.
Next research step
Choose a documented deflator; a nominal increase alone does not establish higher physical consumption.

Clothing, bedding and footwear

A careful bridge from a combined survey category to meaningful apparel and footwear questions.

7 questions
Research queue

Why is clothing spending higher in urban rupees but lower as a budget share?

Rural/urban comparison of combined-category means and shares.

Population or unit
The respective all-person sector denominators.
Next research step
Keep both measures visible and avoid treating the group as apparel only.
Research queue

Can apparel, bedding and footwear be separated in the survey?

Verified component item values and survey group definitions.

Population or unit
HCES persons or consuming households, explicitly chosen.
Next research step
Build and validate a component mapping before publishing separate market values.
Research queue

How does clothing consumption vary by state and consumption class?

Category MPCE and share within state-sector-fractile groups.

Population or unit
People in each weighted HCES group; consumption class is not income class.
Next research step
Verify table availability and precision for every proposed comparison.
Research queue

Why is monthly clothing MPCE different from a monthly shopping bill?

Recall-period conversion, all-person denominator and purchase timing.

Population or unit
HCES consumption averaged to a monthly per-person unit.
Next research step
Explain the unit without assuming everyone buys clothing every month.
Research queue

Can official expenditure data tell us how many people wear saris or jeans?

Direct garment-use measure versus combined expenditure category.

Population or unit
People wearing a defined garment over a specified period; not available in the imported headline.
Next research step
Find a suitable representative primary survey or conduct explicitly scoped research; do not manufacture percentages.
Research queue

How can a small clothing business use HCES without overstating its market?

Scenario method separating population, category spend, reach and assumed sales share.

Population or unit
A stated target audience and product definition, aligned with input units.
Next research step
Label every assumption and avoid presenting the official combined category as the business’s attainable sales.

Housing, tenure, rooms and condition

Distinguish households from homes and housing materials from legal title, space and affordability.

7 questions
Research queue

How do pucca, semi-pucca and kachha housing shares differ?

Construction-class percentages under the report’s material definitions.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households; person shares are distinct optional outputs.
Next research step
Keep unclassified/missing cases and rounded totals visible; avoid a structural-safety claim.
Research queue

How many households report owning a house?

Reported household ownership percentage, rural/urban/total.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households, not individual title holders or registered properties.
Next research step
Explain why non-ownership is not automatically renting or homelessness.
Research queue

How many households live in one room or have crowding by room count?

Household-size and dwelling-room cross-tabulation; derived crowding rule stated explicitly.

Population or unit
Census 2011 households excluding institutional households.
Next research step
Extract the actual cross-tabulation; do not call a derived threshold the official overcrowding definition.
Research queue

What does the Census say about owned, rented and other housing?

Households by the source’s ownership-status categories.

Population or unit
Census 2011 non-institutional households.
Next research step
Import categories and historical geography; do not combine with NFHS ownership as an identical time series without review.
Research queue

How common were good, livable and dilapidated housing conditions?

Occupied-household distribution by the Census condition categories.

Population or unit
Census 2011 households excluding institutional households.
Next research step
Verify exact category translations and note that condition is not legal tenure or current safety inspection.
Research queue

Why is urban rent MPCE not the rent a tenant pays?

Rent consumption divided by all persons versus a tenant/household-only mean.

Population or unit
HCES 2023–24 urban population including households without rent expenditure.
Next research step
Use ₹460 per person per month only with the full denominator; avoid a false city-rent comparison.

Religion and historical population composition

National and geographic composition, with all categories retained and Census 2011 boundaries visible.

7 questions
Research queue

Which states have the largest counts and shares of each religious community?

State community count and community count divided by state population; rank each separately.

Population or unit
Persons in each of the 35 Census 2011 state/UT units.
Next research step
Write an explanatory comparison; avoid collapsing a count rank and a share rank.
Research queue

How did rural and urban religious composition differ in Census 2011?

Each community’s share within rural and within urban population.

Population or unit
Census 2011 rural and urban residents, with the corresponding denominator for each area.
Next research step
Add a rural/urban switch using the fully extracted rows.
Research queue

Where did members of a religious community live across India in 2011?

State community count divided by the same community’s national count.

Population or unit
All persons recorded in that community nationally in Census 2011.
Next research step
Calculate a different, clearly labeled distribution denominator; retain small communities.
Research queue

What are the male and female counts within the Census religion categories?

Published male and female persons by religious community and place.

Population or unit
Census 2011 persons, within the source sex categories and community.
Next research step
Use direct counts; any derived ratio must state its denominator and historical context.
Research queue

How should religion tables be compared after state boundaries change?

A crosswalk of historical geographic units; reaggregated counts only where compatible component data exists.

Population or unit
Matched geographic populations, not renamed historical rows.
Next research step
Validate component district coverage for Telangana, Ladakh and merged union territories before calculating.
Research queue

How did religious composition change between Census 2001 and 2011?

Community shares and percentage-point change on matched boundaries.

Population or unit
Comparable census populations, retaining religion-not-stated and other categories in both years.
Next research step
Import the earlier census, reconcile geography and distinguish percentage change from percentage points.

Languages and mother tongues

Language classifications and historical speaker distributions, without treating them as current fluency counts.

7 questions
Research queue

Which Scheduled language groups had the largest populations in 2011?

Counts and national population shares for 22 Scheduled language groups.

Population or unit
All persons classified within each language group in Census 2011.
Next research step
Build a sortable ranking while preserving the negligible-share marker for Sanskrit.
Research queue

Why is the Hindi language-group total larger than the narrowly named Hindi mother tongue?

Language-group total versus component mother-tongue counts.

Population or unit
Persons classified under the relevant C-16 grouping, not all Hindi speakers.
Next research step
Import component rows; explain grouping without relabeling them as one identical mother tongue.
Research queue

How are Bengali, Marathi, Tamil and Telugu distributed across states?

State language-group persons and each state’s share of the national group.

Population or unit
Census 2011 persons classified within the selected groups.
Next research step
Extract complete state rows and preserve Census-era boundaries.
Research queue

What does the Census publication threshold hide in a language ranking?

Published versus classified response categories and the role of the 10,000-person threshold.

Population or unit
Language and mother-tongue classifications, not a count of all living varieties.
Next research step
Write a classification guide and avoid interpreting absent rows as zero speakers.

Migration, birthplace and changes of residence

Stocks, duration, reasons and movements require different denominators and do not all describe annual flows.

7 questions
Research queue

What did the 2020–21 survey find about migrant shares in rural and urban India?

Migration rate using last usual place of residence.

Population or unit
All persons in the PLFS migration module, with rural and urban denominators separate.
Next research step
Import the remaining exact rural/sex rows if needed and retain pandemic and sampling-design caveats.
Research queue

How are birthplace migrants different from last-residence migrants?

Two classifications: place of birth and last usual residence relative to present residence.

Population or unit
Census 2011 persons in D-01 versus migrants classified in last-residence tables.
Next research step
Use a worked example and avoid treating the two stocks as interchangeable or additive.
Research queue

What reasons do women and men report for moving?

Reported reason distribution among migrants, by sex.

Population or unit
Migrants represented by the selected Census or 2020–21 survey definition.
Next research step
Keep the denominator as migrants of the relevant sex; do not label a reason share as a share of all women or men.
Research queue

How much migration is within a state versus between states?

Origin/destination relationship under a defined last-residence classification.

Population or unit
Migrants in the chosen survey/census reference period, not all annual moves.
Next research step
Import complete origin categories and historical boundaries before calculating shares.
Research queue

How long have migrants lived at their current residence?

Duration-of-residence distribution from the source’s categories.

Population or unit
Census 2011 migrants classified by last residence in D-05.
Next research step
Retain unknown duration and explain that duration bins are not annual migration counts.
Research queue

What is planned for the new dedicated migration survey?

Official survey purpose, proposed field period and publication status.

Population or unit
The proposed survey’s target population and eventual published estimates, not yet verified results.
Next research step
Check later official announcements before updating; the cited proposal supplies no results from that round.

Tourism, visitors and destination activity

Visits, arrivals, nights and spending describe activity; none automatically counts unique people or residents.

7 questions
Research queue

Which states received the most domestic tourist visits in 2024?

State/UT domestic visit totals with source estimates and revisions retained.

Population or unit
Domestic tourist visits recorded/estimated by state and UT tourism departments.
Next research step
Do not label visits as unique tourists, and preserve estimated-state entries and revised prior-year values.
Research queue

How many foreign tourist arrivals were recorded, and what do international arrivals include?

Foreign tourist arrivals compared with the separately defined international-arrival measure.

Population or unit
Arrivals into India, including repeat entries; NRI inclusion depends on the chosen series.
Next research step
The foreign-arrival headline is verified; extract all components before showing a combined international total.
Research queue

When during the year are foreign arrivals highest?

Monthly arrivals and shares of the same calendar-year total.

Population or unit
Foreign tourist arrivals into India, not hotel occupancy or unique visitors.
Next research step
Use complete months and mark provisional/revised figures; explain that national seasonality may differ from a destination.
Research queue

How should pilgrimage be interpreted within domestic tourism statistics?

Definitions of domestic tourist visits and the availability of a separate pilgrimage measure.

Population or unit
Domestic visits, not a unique count of pilgrims or religious residents.
Next research step
State the limits of a separate national pilgrim total; do not assign all visits to pilgrimage.
Research queue

What can tourism earnings and accommodation statistics add to visit counts?

Separate earnings, room/night or accommodation measures with their own units and coverage.

Population or unit
The exact tourism-receipt or accommodation reporting universe selected for each measure.
Next research step
Choose a defined metric before importing; do not infer spend per unique tourist from incompatible totals.
Research queue

Can tourist visits estimate a city’s daytime population or demand for services?

Methods guide to visits, length of stay, seasonality, resident population and peak occupancy.

Population or unit
A defined place and time window; annual event totals are not simultaneous people.
Next research step
Require duration and local timing evidence rather than adding annual visits to resident population.

Education, enrolment and skills

Institutions report students and staff; population-based education and measured skills need their own sources and denominators.

7 questions
Research queue

How many schools, students and teachers are recorded in UDISE+ 2025–26?

Separate counts of reporting schools, enrolled students and teachers.

Population or unit
Schools and their reported enrolment/staff covered by UDISE+ for academic year 2025–26.
Next research step
Extract complete headline tables and reporting coverage; do not call enrolment the number attending every day.
Research queue

How are gross and net school enrolment ratios calculated?

GER and NER using stage-appropriate enrolment and the relevant age-population denominator.

Population or unit
The school stage and corresponding official-age population under the report’s structure.
Next research step
Verify the existing versus NEP structure and exact age bands; gross enrolment is not a simple attendance share.
Research queue

What does AISHE 2023–24 report about higher-education enrolment?

Reported/estimated enrolment and GER with the stated population projection denominator.

Population or unit
Higher-education institutions in AISHE; GER denominator is population aged 18–23 based on the cited projection.
Next research step
Import the report and response/estimation notes; do not treat enrolment as graduates or only students aged 18–23.
Research queue

How does higher-education participation differ by sex and subject?

Enrolment by sex and discipline plus separately defined GER/GPI measures.

Population or unit
AISHE enrolments or the relevant projected age population, depending on the indicator.
Next research step
Do not mix a share of enrolled students with a population enrolment ratio; retain institutional participation caveats.
Research queue

What educational levels had people completed in Census 2011?

Educational-attainment counts by age and sex, with the table’s exact level categories.

Population or unit
Persons in the selected Census C-08 age group and geographic unit.
Next research step
Import exact age/qualification categories and distinguish completed attainment from current enrolment.
Research queue

How does employment vary with educational attainment?

Employment or unemployment rate within explicitly defined education and age groups.

Population or unit
The relevant PLFS population or labour force in each education group, depending on the rate.
Next research step
Verify table availability and denominators before comparing; education-group unemployment is not a share of all graduates.
Research queue

Do enrolment, literacy or degree counts measure people’s skills?

Definitions guide distinguishing participation, credentials, literacy and assessed ability.

Population or unit
Each source’s enrolled, qualified or assessed population; no universal skills denominator.
Next research step
Identify a suitable primary assessment for any skill claim; the listed education counts do not establish job readiness or measured learning.

Age structure, fertility and mortality

Births, deaths, fertility, longevity and ageing use different rates, windows and population bases.

7 questions
Research queue

How much of India’s population is projected to be older, younger or of working age?

Projected counts and shares for explicitly defined age bands; dependency ratio only with a stated formula.

Population or unit
Projected India/state populations for a selected year under the July 2020 report’s assumptions.
Next research step
Choose and disclose age bands, such as 60+ versus 65+; a working-age count is not a labour-force count.
Research queue

What is the difference between the birth rate and total fertility rate?

Crude births per 1,000 population versus a synthetic period fertility measure in births per woman.

Population or unit
SRS population for the birth rate and the reproductive-age fertility schedule for TFR.
Next research step
Reuse verified national indicators from current-data.json; import any new state comparison before publishing it.
Research queue

What does life expectancy at birth mean in the latest verified life tables?

Period life expectancy in years under the observed age-specific mortality schedule.

Population or unit
A hypothetical cohort under SRS 2020–2024 mortality conditions, not a forecast for each newborn.
Next research step
Retain the five-year reference period and distinguish the indicator from average age at death.
Research queue

How does infant mortality differ across rural, urban and state populations?

Infant deaths per 1,000 live births under the source’s estimation method.

Population or unit
Live births in the relevant SRS 2024 reporting population.
Next research step
National evidence is on the site; import the exact local table and uncertainty before ranking state differences.
Research queue

Why is maternal mortality measured per 100,000 live births?

Maternal mortality ratio with the official cause/time definition and three-year window.

Population or unit
Live births as denominator; maternal deaths as defined by the SRS special bulletin.
Next research step
Use the verified national figure and exact definition; do not call it a percentage of all women or all deaths.
Research queue

Why can registered births and deaths differ from estimated vital events?

CRS registration counts versus SRS rates/estimates and their reference/registration periods.

Population or unit
Records within CRS reporting coverage versus the SRS demographic estimation population.
Next research step
Keep the registration/event timing and completeness measures separate; do not treat a count difference as missing people without analysis.
Research queue

What do medically certified causes of death represent?

Cause distribution among medically certified deaths, not all deaths in India.

Population or unit
Deaths covered by MCCD 2024 with medical certification under the report’s coverage.
Next research step
Display certification coverage and denominator before cause shares; do not extrapolate automatically to the national death population.

Multilingualism, literacy and communication

Differentiate mother tongue, additional languages, reading ability and the audience a service needs to reach.

7 questions
Research queue

How many people report an additional language in the Census?

Counts of people reporting one or two additional languages, with published definitions.

Population or unit
Persons covered by the relevant Census 2011 bilingualism/trilingualism table.
Next research step
Identify and validate the exact table before publishing a count.
Research queue

Can an English mother-tongue count measure everyone who understands English?

Difference between mother-tongue classification and additional-language ability.

Population or unit
Census mother-tongue respondents versus the distinct language-ability population.
Next research step
Explain the mismatch, then import a suitable ability table before adding an English-audience number.
Research queue

Which language should a public information service use in a multilingual district?

Local language distribution combined with separately measured literacy and channel access.

Population or unit
The intended district audience, with age and boundary specified.
Next research step
Provide a decision framework; national shares alone cannot answer the local choice.
Research queue

Does speaking a language mean being able to read its script?

Spoken-language and reading measures treated as separate variables.

Population or unit
People in the source’s specified age range and tested or self-reported literacy universe.
Next research step
Verify the reading-test universe; do not substitute general literacy for script-specific ability.
Research queue

How should multilingual households be represented in audience estimates?

Person-level mother tongues versus household members and any joint language availability.

Population or unit
Households and their members under a stated household definition.
Next research step
Establish an appropriate linked primary source; marginal person counts cannot identify a household language mix.
Research queue

How should a Hindi-language audience estimate handle grouped mother tongues?

A grouped mother-tongue baseline plus independently measured comprehension assumptions.

Population or unit
A specified service audience, not everyone in the national Hindi language group by default.
Next research step
Separate source counts from any scenario assumptions about comprehension or preference.
Research queue

Can historical language data support a current local advertising plan?

Historical language distribution with a clear list of missing current preference and reach measures.

Population or unit
A defined present-day audience; historical Census counts remain a baseline only.
Next research step
Create a transparent planning guide, not an inferred current language or platform audience count.

Milk, eggs, fish and meat

Combine food-frequency and expenditure lenses without treating them as the same statistic.

7 questions
Research queue

How frequently do adults report consuming milk or curd?

Four reported frequency shares for milk or curd.

Population or unit
Women and men aged 15–49, separately, NFHS-5.
Next research step
Write the frequency analysis; it does not measure liters or nutrition adequacy.
Research queue

How much is spent on milk and milk products per person?

Published rural and urban category MPCE and share.

Population or unit
All persons in HCES 2023–24 rural and urban populations.
Next research step
Keep home-produced consumption valuation and the all-person denominator clear.
Research queue

Are eggs counted separately from fish and meat in official diet statistics?

Question and category definitions across NFHS frequency and HCES spending.

Population or unit
NFHS respondents aged 15–49 versus HCES household population.
Next research step
Explain the two sources’ different groupings; neither should be silently substituted for the other.
Research queue

Do fish and chicken or meat have different reported frequency patterns?

Separate four-category frequency distributions for fish and chicken/meat.

Population or unit
Women and men aged 15–49, separately, NFHS-5.
Next research step
Publish separate rows rather than a false mutually exclusive distribution.
Research queue

How much of the consumption basket goes to eggs, fish and meat together?

Combined category MPCE and share of total consumption.

Population or unit
All persons in HCES rural and urban sectors.
Next research step
Show combined totals without inventing an individual food split.
Research queue

Can egg, fish and meat spending be separated for a specific state?

Weighted item-level category values and shares by state/sector.

Population or unit
HCES state populations under a validated item-code mapping.
Next research step
Extract valid state categories, assess precision and report suppressed or unstable estimates honestly.
Research queue

Can food-frequency percentages estimate a city’s meat market?

A methods comparison of age-specific frequency, buyers, quantities, prices and geographic coverage.

Population or unit
A defined city market; national NFHS respondents are a different universe.
Next research step
Identify missing local demand evidence instead of multiplying a national percentage by city population.

Fruit, vegetables, pulses and nutrition measures

Describe frequency and household consumption while keeping clinical and nutrient conclusions separate.

7 questions
Research queue

How often do women and men report eating fruit?

Daily, weekly, occasional and never response shares for fruit.

Population or unit
Women and men aged 15–49 in NFHS-5.
Next research step
Show sex-specific frequencies without interpreting them as portions.
Research queue

How often are dark green leafy vegetables and pulses eaten?

Separate frequency distributions for leafy vegetables and pulses or beans.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 women and men aged 15–49.
Next research step
Explain that overlapping food categories cannot be added to count unique people.
Research queue

How much do households consume in vegetables, fruit and pulses?

Category MPCE and shares for the published vegetables, fruits and pulses groups.

Population or unit
All persons in the HCES rural and urban sector populations.
Next research step
Retain the combined Fruits row and clarify all-person averages; separate fresh/dry-fruit estimates need further detailed extraction.
Research queue

Which states report the most frequent fruit consumption?

State fruit-frequency percentages by sex.

Population or unit
Women and men aged 15–49 in NFHS-5 state samples.
Next research step
Verify whether state tables use daily/weekly grouping or all four categories before choosing the title.
Research queue

What does the latest NFHS say about children’s nutrition?

Exact published child nutrition indicators with their own age ranges and definitions.

Population or unit
Children in the specific NFHS-6 indicator universe, not all residents.
Next research step
Use verified factsheet definitions and coverage; coordinate with the health-data collection before publishing.
Research queue

Can food-frequency and nutrition measurements be compared as a causal relationship?

Methods guide separating association, different universes and causation.

Population or unit
People included in each specified food and nutrition measure.
Next research step
Avoid attributing an outcome to one food from aggregate percentages; no clinical advice.

Staples, grains and food access

What consumption surveys can establish about staple baskets and the limits of using spending as food security.

7 questions
Research queue

What share of the consumption basket goes to cereals and substitutes?

Official combined Cereals and cereal substitutes category rupees and shares.

Population or unit
All persons in HCES 2023–24 rural and urban populations.
Next research step
Preserve the combined published category; rice, wheat and other individual grains require detailed extraction.
Research queue

What can the survey tell us about millets in household consumption?

Verified millet item codes, quantities and values.

Population or unit
HCES households/persons under the relevant quantity and expenditure denominator.
Next research step
Map actual item codes and units; do not import production tonnage as household consumption.
Research queue

How do free welfare goods change the measured consumption basket?

Difference between the official with-imputation and without-additional-imputation series.

Population or unit
HCES rural and urban population, with identical base definitions.
Next research step
Import both consistent series and identify exactly which items receive additional imputation.
Research queue

How are home-grown food and gifts counted in consumption?

Survey valuation rules for home produce, gifts, free collection and exchanges.

Population or unit
Household consumption covered by HCES, beyond cash purchases.
Next research step
Publish a plain-language valuation guide; neither headline series is simply cash grocery spending.
Research queue

Does low food spending establish that a household is hungry?

Difference between expenditure, own production, quantities and directly measured food insecurity.

Population or unit
A specified household; expenditure alone does not supply a food-insecurity response.
Next research step
Explain missing direct evidence and avoid diagnosing food insecurity from a category mean.
Research queue

Can household grain consumption be compared with crop production?

A unit and coverage comparison of consumed quantities and agricultural output.

Population or unit
Resident household consumption versus harvested crop production and other uses.
Next research step
Account for trade, feed, seed, losses and stocks before attempting a supply-use comparison.

Rural, urban and unequal consumption

Read averages and distributions in place, with compatible categories and no invented household incomes.

7 questions
Research queue

How do rural and urban household consumption baskets differ?

Category MPCE and published shares across food and non-food groups.

Population or unit
All persons in each HCES 2023–24 sector.
Next research step
Build a comparison that separates component rows, subtotals and the all-items total.
Research queue

Which states have the highest and lowest average consumption?

State MPCE at current prices, rural and urban shown separately.

Population or unit
HCES state-sector populations.
Next research step
Coordinate with existing site HCES coverage and preserve survey-price years.
Research queue

How different are the top and bottom consumption groups?

Means by survey fractile class and each class’s population definition.

Population or unit
Weighted HCES persons sorted by MPCE.
Next research step
Import class estimates; do not call these salary or income brackets.
Research queue

Does a national average describe a typical household?

Mean versus median, persons versus households, and distributional context.

Population or unit
The published MPCE population and any separately estimated household distribution.
Next research step
Use an explicit example; do not invent a median from the mean.
Research queue

Why is HCES consumption not the same thing as household income?

Consumption valuation, reference period and non-cash components.

Population or unit
HCES consumption universe rather than an income survey universe.
Next research step
Link to the existing consumption-versus-income guide if already published; avoid a duplicate thin page.
Research queue

How should a rural and urban mean be combined?

Population-weighted combination with compatible sectors and dates.

Population or unit
A defined national population with weights matching the survey estimate.
Next research step
Use valid survey weights; never take a simple mean of the two published averages.
Research queue

What can consumption data tell us about a neighborhood?

Geographic representativeness and the limits of downscaling a state mean.

Population or unit
A neighborhood population, which may not be a reliable survey reporting domain.
Next research step
Require local evidence; do not manufacture neighborhood precision by multiplying a state average.

Drinking-water access and service quality

Keep source classification, collection time, reliability and water quality as separate questions.

7 questions
Research queue

What share of people live in households with an improved drinking-water source?

Population-based improved-source percentage, rural/urban/total.

Population or unit
Provisional NFHS-6 household population, Manipur excluded.
Next research step
Retain the source-type definition and 2023–24 reference period.
Research queue

How do households obtain drinking water: piped supply, wells or other sources?

Distribution by detailed source category.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households or Census 2011 households, one selected source at a time.
Next research step
Import full categories and check whether the display denominator is households or people.
Research queue

How far do people travel to collect household drinking water?

Collection time or source location under the exact survey categories.

Population or unit
Households needing water collection or all households, as the chosen table defines.
Next research step
Do not substitute distance for time or exclude households without clearly labeling the denominator.
Research queue

Does improved water mean water is safe to drink?

Classification guide distinguishing source type from tested quality and safely managed services.

Population or unit
The relevant survey source categories, not a universal safety-tested population.
Next research step
Explain the missing quality and continuity evidence; no household-specific safety assurance.
Research queue

How does drinking-water access vary by district?

District indicator with identical numerator and universe across verified factsheets.

Population or unit
NFHS-6 district populations where released and covered.
Next research step
Use actual released district rows and their survey boundaries; do not downscale state percentages.
Research queue

How did water-source patterns change between Census 2011 and later surveys?

Comparison of harmonized source types with separate original indicators retained.

Population or unit
Historical Census households versus survey households/populations after reconciliation.
Next research step
Document source-category, geography and denominator changes before drawing a trend.

Sanitation, toilets and hygiene

Facility availability, sharing and service management answer different questions about living conditions.

7 questions
Research queue

What share of households had basic sanitation in NFHS-5?

Improved sanitation facility not shared with another household.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households, 2019–21.
Next research step
Use the household total of 69.3% and keep the basic-service definition explicit.
Research queue

How does basic sanitation differ between rural and urban India?

Rural and urban household percentages with the same sanitation definition.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households in each sector.
Next research step
Present a percentage-point gap without mixing household and population columns.
Research queue

What is the difference between basic and shared improved sanitation?

Separate source categories for unshared improved and shared improved facilities.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households under the table’s sanitation service categories.
Next research step
Import all service categories; do not relabel shared improved facilities as basic sanitation.
Research queue

What do the household tables record about open defecation?

The exact no-facility or open-defecation category and its household/person denominator.

Population or unit
The universe of the selected NFHS or Census table.
Next research step
Verify the row label and denominator before publishing or comparing programme statistics.
Research queue

How many households have a place for handwashing with soap and water?

Observed or reported handwashing measure with the source’s inspection universe.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households eligible for observation or the stated full-household denominator.
Next research step
Retain observation status, missing data and exact denominator.
Research queue

Does having a toilet establish safe sewage treatment?

Methods distinction between household facility type and safely managed waste treatment.

Population or unit
Households for facility data; separate treatment-system universe for disposal evidence.
Next research step
Identify an appropriate primary treatment source before adding any safe-management claim.
Research queue

Why are these sanitation values still dated NFHS-5 when NFHS-6 exists?

Coverage comparison of the detailed report and newer national factsheet.

Population or unit
Published indicators, not an inferred updated sanitation population.
Next research step
Explain the absence of a replacement detailed indicator and retain the older reference period.

Cooking fuels and household energy

Fuel categories, spending and the difference between a connection and actual household use.

7 questions
Research queue

What share of households used clean cooking fuel in NFHS-5?

Household clean-fuel percentage using the report’s fuel grouping.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households in 2019–21.
Next research step
Keep the household share of 58.6% distinct from the person share.
Research queue

How large was the rural–urban clean-cooking gap?

Urban versus rural household percentage and percentage-point difference.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households, same clean-fuel definition.
Next research step
State the historical survey period and avoid claiming current programme coverage.
Research queue

Which fuels are included in clean cooking in the survey?

The official clean-fuel grouping and detailed cooking-fuel categories.

Population or unit
Households classified by the selected survey question.
Next research step
Explain electricity, LPG/natural gas and biogas without implying exclusive use or refill affordability.
Research queue

How do LPG, firewood and other cooking fuels vary across states?

State household shares by exact fuel category.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 or Census 2011 state households, one source and date at a time.
Next research step
Select one comparable source and import categories before ranking.
Research queue

How much is consumed on fuel and light per person?

HCES fuel-and-light category MPCE and share.

Population or unit
All persons in HCES 2023–24 rural and urban sectors.
Next research step
Do not label the combined category an LPG bill or an electricity-only expense.
Research queue

Does an LPG connection mean a household uses only LPG?

Methods comparison of administrative connections, survey fuel use and fuel stacking.

Population or unit
Connections/accounts versus survey households.
Next research step
Keep connection totals separate from household-use evidence; obtain direct evidence for exclusive use.
Research queue

Can fuel spending show whether a household can afford clean cooking?

Consumption expenditure versus affordability, prices and usage needs.

Population or unit
A specified household, with relevant budget and fuel-use evidence.
Next research step
Explain missing price, quantity and usage evidence; a national mean cannot establish household affordability.

Electricity and household appliances

Basic electricity coverage and possessions, with reliability and potential demand treated as separate evidence.

7 questions
Research queue

How common are fans, air conditioners and coolers?

Electric fan share and combined air-conditioner-or-cooler share.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households.
Next research step
Retain the combined AC/cooler label; the row cannot establish AC ownership alone.
Research queue

Do television and computer ownership tell different stories about access?

Separate household possession percentages for televisions and computers.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households, with each asset a non-exclusive category.
Next research step
Do not add possession percentages or infer individual use.
Research queue

Can households without an appliance be counted as prospective buyers?

A method distinguishing possession gaps from affordability, need and purchase intent.

Population or unit
Households without the relevant reported asset, not automatically market-qualified buyers.
Next research step
Use a scenario only with explicit customer assumptions and current local evidence.
Research queue

Can household electricity presence measure power reliability?

The difference between an electricity indicator and hours, interruptions or voltage quality.

Population or unit
NFHS households/population versus the relevant service-quality observation unit.
Next research step
Identify a suitable official service-quality source before adding a reliability statistic.

Household finance, women’s property and health cover

Account presence and household membership measures, with personal ownership and effective protection kept separate.

7 questions
Research queue

What does the household indicator of women owning land or a house mean?

Households with any usual female member owning land or a house, alone or jointly.

Population or unit
NFHS-6 households, not all women individually.
Next research step
Retain the household denominator and distinguish reported ownership from a registry audit.
Research queue

How common is household health-insurance or financing-scheme coverage?

Households with at least one usual member covered by a health scheme.

Population or unit
NFHS-6 households, with the source definition and exclusions.
Next research step
Do not infer universal member coverage, claim acceptance or adequacy of financial protection.
Research queue

How do household and individual measures of women’s asset ownership differ?

Comparison of a household any-member measure with a women-respondent measure.

Population or unit
Separate household and individual age/sex universes.
Next research step
Verify the individual measure and avoid a false trend across incompatible denominators.
Research queue

What did Census 2011 record about households using banking services?

Historical count/share of households availing banking services.

Population or unit
Census 2011 households excluding institutional households.
Next research step
Import counts and distinguish availing services from the NFHS account-presence wording.
Research queue

Can high account coverage establish financial well-being?

Methods guide separating account presence, usage, balances, debt and consumption.

Population or unit
A specified household or individual population, depending on each measure.
Next research step
Identify suitable primary evidence for each additional claim rather than treating accounts as income.

Places, households and practical market research

Turn evidence into clearly labeled research baselines without confusing residents, households, vehicles or buyers.

7 questions
Research queue

How many households have a car or a motorcycle?

Separate household possession shares for cars and motorcycles/scooters.

Population or unit
NFHS-5 households, rural/urban/total.
Next research step
Explain overlap and keep household possession distinct from the stock of registered vehicles.
Research queue

Should a local market be measured in people, households or establishments?

A denominator-selection guide matched to the product and transaction unit.

Population or unit
A stated locality and eligible customer unit.
Next research step
Use actual units in a worked scenario and coordinate with the existing market-sizing tool.
Research queue

How can census households support a historical catchment profile?

Household counts and amenities for the exact historical geography.

Population or unit
Census 2011 non-institutional households in matched places.
Next research step
Import exact place rows and boundary definitions; do not call them current households.
Research queue

How should a household market estimate handle changing city boundaries?

Geographic crosswalk and compatible counts before any expenditure multiplication.

Population or unit
The same defined catchment in each reference period.
Next research step
Keep city proper, urban agglomeration and district apart; obtain boundary evidence.
Research queue

Can a state’s religion or language mix predict an individual customer’s choices?

A methods guide to the limit of aggregate demographic inference.

Population or unit
Aggregate Census groups versus individual preferences, which are not measured by those tables.
Next research step
Use aggregate context only; never assign sensitive identity or a food/clothing preference to a named person.
Research queue

What extra evidence is needed for a grocery, appliance or clothing demand estimate?

Category definition, relevant population, current prices, buying incidence and reachable share.

Population or unit
An explicitly chosen market and customer population.
Next research step
Provide a checklist tied to an illustrative scenario; mark assumptions rather than outputting fake measured demand.
Research queue

How should local profiles show what is verified and what still needs research?

A coverage record: metric, universe, geography, reference period, publication date and source status.

Population or unit
Every published local indicator and its actual evidence.
Next research step
Publish source completeness and leave planned questions in the roadmap until evidence and a useful answer exist.